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UPSC 2022 GS-III · 10 marks · 150 words

Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples.

What “Discuss” demands

present several distinct facets of the issue and connect them into an argument, giving the competing views real weight rather than one line each.

The characteristic failure: a list of points with no argument running through them.

What a top answer must contain

These are the checkable specifics from the marking standard for this question — the actual case, committee, datum or thinker, not an instruction to “give examples”.

  • Mechanism: orographically anchored cumulonimbus with stalled updraft core dumping >100 mm/hr (IMD threshold)
  • Occurrence: Western Himalaya during monsoon; warming air's higher moisture load (~7%/°C) intensifying events
  • Two examples detailed: Amarnath (July 2022), Kedarnath (2013) — or Kullu-Mandi 2023
  • Risk reduction: radar densification, settlement regulation on debris fans, early-warning gaps named

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