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UPSC 2021 GS-III · 15 marks · 250 words

Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels.

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  • Tech vectors: crypto mixers, mule-account fintech layering, trade-based laundering through invoice games, darknet settlement
  • Globalisation vectors: shell-company chains (Panama/Pandora), round-tripping, digital hawala
  • National: PMLA-ED (Vijay Madanlal 2022), FIU-IND, VDAs under PMLA (2023); conviction-rate critique for balance
  • International: FATF mutual evaluations, Egmont Group, UNCAC/UNTOC cooperation

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