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UPSC 2017 GS-III · 15 marks · 250 words

‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?

What “Explain” demands

set out how or why something works, with the mechanism made explicit.

The characteristic failure: stating that it works without showing how.

What a top answer must contain

These are the checkable specifics from the marking standard for this question — the actual case, committee, datum or thinker, not an instruction to “give examples”.

  • National effects: monsoon variability and extreme rainfall days, heatwave frequency, yield loss in wheat and rice, vector-borne disease range shifts, water stress
  • Himalayan: glacier retreat (Gangotri), glacial-lake outburst floods (Chorabari 2013, South Lhonak 2023), a rising snowline, slope instability, the apple line moving up
  • Coastal: sea-level rise and saline intrusion, Sundarbans island loss, cyclone intensification in the Arabian Sea (Ockhi, Tauktae), coral bleaching in the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep
  • Economic magnitude: Economic Survey and RBI estimates of GDP loss; agriculture supports about 45% of the workforce
  • Policy: the NAPCC's eight missions plus State Action Plans, India's NDC and the 2070 net-zero pledge, Mission LiFE, the National Adaptation Fund
  • Equity framing: India's low per-capita emissions and common but differentiated responsibilities

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