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UPSC 2023 GS-I · 15 marks · 250 words

How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression?

भारत में औपनिवेशिक शासन ने आदिवासियों को कैसे प्रभावित किया और औपनिवेशिक उत्पीड़न के प्रति आदिवासी प्रतिक्रिया क्या थी?

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  • Effects: Forest Acts 1865/1878 enclosing commons, zamindari penetration + moneylender-trader (dikus), criminalisation (CTA 1871), missionary pressure
  • Responses — name revolts with dates: Santhal Hul 1855-56 (Sidhu-Kanhu), Birsa Munda's Ulgulan 1899-1900, Rampa 1922-24 (Alluri Sitarama Raju), Bhil, Kol 1831-32
  • Character: restorative ('Birsa Raj'), anti-diku more than anti-British initially; millenarian leadership
  • Colonial accommodation as consequence: Scheduled Districts Act 1874, CNT Act 1908 — protective legislation extracted by revolt

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