UPSC 2023 GS-I · 15 marks · 250 words

How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression?

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Effects: Forest Acts 1865/1878 enclosing commons, zamindari penetration + moneylender-trader (dikus), criminalisation (CTA 1871), missionary pressure
Responses — name revolts with dates: Santhal Hul 1855-56 (Sidhu-Kanhu), Birsa Munda's Ulgulan 1899-1900, Rampa 1922-24 (Alluri Sitarama Raju), Bhil, Kol 1831-32
Character: restorative ('Birsa Raj'), anti-diku more than anti-British initially; millenarian leadership
Colonial accommodation as consequence: Scheduled Districts Act 1874, CNT Act 1908 — protective legislation extracted by revolt

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How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression?

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