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UPSC 2022 GS-II · 10 marks · 150 words

'The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.' Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

What “Discuss” demands

present several distinct facets of the issue and connect them into an argument, giving the competing views real weight rather than one line each.

The characteristic failure: a list of points with no argument running through them.

What a top answer must contain

These are the checkable specifics from the marking standard for this question — the actual case, committee, datum or thinker, not an instruction to “give examples”.

  • Art 21 route: Subhash Kumar (1991) clean water/air; the M.C. Mehta line — oleum (absolute liability), Ganga, Taj trapezium, Delhi CNG
  • Doctrines constitutionalised: polluter pays, precautionary (Vellore 1996), public trust (Kamal Nath 1997), sustainable development
  • Arts 48A/51A(g) made operative through 21; continuing mandamus as the enforcement device
  • Balance: implementation gaps and judicial policy-making critique (post-NGT division of labour)

The band thresholds and the pre-scored sample answers behind this standard stay private — they are the calibration your copy is placed against.

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