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UPSC 2021 GS-II · 15 marks · 250 words

Analyse the distinguishing features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India.

What “Analyse” demands

break the issue into its constituent parts and show the relationships and causation between them.

The characteristic failure: narration in sequence rather than decomposition into causes and effects.

What a top answer must contain

These are the checkable specifics from the marking standard for this question — the actual case, committee, datum or thinker, not an instruction to “give examples”.

  • US: 14th Amendment equal protection, colour-blind trajectory — strict scrutiny; affirmative action narrowed (SFFA v. Harvard, 2023)
  • India: Arts 14-18 as a code — formal equality WITH enabling clauses 15(4)/16(4); Art 17's transformative abolition
  • Doctrine: reasonable classification + Royappa arbitrariness vs US tiered scrutiny; horizontal reach differences
  • Synthesis: US equality restrains the state, Indian equality tasks it — Austin's social-revolution reading

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